How is HIV Transmitted?
How is HIV Transmitted?
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is primarily transmitted through
specific bodily fluids that contain high concentrations of the virus.
The most common modes of HIV transmission include:
Vaginal Intercourse
HIV transmission can occur when HIV-infected bodily fluids, such as semen or vaginal fluids, come into contact with the mucous membranes or breaks in the skin of the genital area. Unprotected vaginal intercourse carries a risk of HIV transmission, particularly if one partner is HIV-positive.
Anal Intercourse
Anal intercourse poses a higher risk of HIV transmission compared to vaginal intercourse because the lining of the rectum is thin and can tear easily, providing direct access to the bloodstream. HIV-infected semen or rectal fluids can enter the bloodstream through these tears or abrasions, increasing the likelihood of transmission.
Oral Sex
While the risk of HIV transmission through oral sex is generally lower compared to vaginal or anal intercourse, it is not zero. Transmission can occur if there are cuts, sores, or bleeding gums in the mouth, providing a pathway for HIV-infected semen, vaginal fluids, or blood to enter the bloodstream. However, the risk is significantly lower compared to unprotected vaginal or anal intercourse.
Sharing Needles or Syringes
HIV can spread through sharing needles, syringes, or other injecting equipment contaminated with the blood of an infected person. This is common among people who inject drugs.
Mother-to-Child Transmission
HIV can be transmitted from an HIV-positive mother to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. However, with effective medical interventions, such as antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy and childbirth and avoiding breastfeeding in certain situations, the risk of transmission can be significantly reduced.
Blood Transfusions
or Organ Transplants
Although rare, HIV can be transmitted through receiving infected blood transfusions, blood products, or organ transplants. However, rigorous screening of blood and organ donations has greatly minimized this risk in many countries.
Occupational Exposure
Healthcare workers or other individuals may be at risk of HIV transmission through accidental needle sticks or exposure to infected blood or other bodily fluids in healthcare settings. However, the risk of transmission in these situations is low.